Drainage & sanitation, a practical exposition of the conditions vital to healthy buildings, their surroundings and construction, their ventilation, heating, lighting, water and was by Blake Edwin Holmes 1873-

Author:Blake, Edwin Holmes, 1873-
Language: eng
Format: epub, pdf
Tags: Sanitary engineering, Sanitation, Household, Drainage, House, Heating, Ventilation
Publisher: London, B. T. Batsford, Ltd
Published: 1920-03-25T05:00:00+00:00

Fig. 246.

Fig. 245.

A joint of an entirely different nature is shown in Fig. 246, and known as the Rubite. The pipes have no sockets but have annular grooves near to the ends, the joints being formed of a band of bituminous material termed rubite, poured into moulds temporarily placed round the joint, a little soft clay being smeared on the abutting ends in order to prevent the composition reaching the inside of the pipes and causing an obstruction. The joint has considerable elasticity and is therefore well able to resist the tendency to damage by reason of settlements. The joint requires making with the greatest care and should be placed in the hands of the patentees subject to a guarantee of efficiency.

The following table gives the details of sizes of ordinary stoneware pipes of good make:—

Little need be said in reference to the diameters of drains. For a small house both branch and main drains should be made of 4-inch pipes. For a large house, the main drain should be 6 inches and the branches 4 inches in diameter. In the case of a very extensive drainage scheme a larger main drain might be found necessary, but it should always be remembered that the smaller the diameter of a drain, provided that it is large enough to carry off the requisite quantity of sewage, the more self-cleansing will it be.

The necessity for laying drains in straight lines from point to point, both in plan and in section, has long been recognized owing to the fact that in such case there is a minimum of retardation to the flow of sewage, and that satisfactory means of inspection can thereby be obtained. It will be more convenient to deal with the construction and arrangement of the means of inspection, i.e. inspection bends and junctions, and inspection chambers or manholes, later on, as it can be better dealt with in conjunction with the question of disconnexion from the sewer.

The reason that the branch drains should be as short as possible is that there are not such good facilities, as a rule, for their inspection as there are for the inspection of main drains. As has been shown, gulleys are obtainable with access stoppers so that a cleaning rod could be passed through to the manhole, or vice versa, but these gulleys are not so largely used as they should be. When they are used, it is most important that they should not be tampered with by incompetent persons, owing to the risk of the stopper being insecurely replaced and thus leaving a ventilating opening to the drain at ground level and adjacent to the building—in fact, of negativing the entire value of the guUey.

Further, short brangh drains, up to about 20 feet in length, do not require ventilating, while longer ones do.

Considerable damage is often found to drains owing to

the roots of trees exerting sufficient force, in expanding, to crack the pipes, particularly if of fireclay. Not only is the pipe cracked, it is often burst in and a stoppage caused by the earth and the roots penetrating.

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